Mexico City, Mexico – As FIFA’s opening ceremony kicked off inside the Azteca Stadium on Thursday afternoon, a parallel scene played out on the streets surrounding it. 

Several social movements converged on Mexico City to protest what many activists are calling the “World Cup of Dispossession”, a tournament they say has been built on the backs of the country’s poorest citizens, while their most urgent demands go unmet.

Among the most prominent were the CNTE teachers’ union, collectives of searching mothers of the disappeared, and parents of the 43 Ayotzinapa students – trainee teachers who were forcibly disappeared in 2014.

The protesters mobilized mainly near the Azteca Stadium, blocking all major access routes to the venue and the Zócalo, where a massive fan fest had been programmed. 

Security forces deployed what city authorities called “the last mile” –  a security perimeter extending roughly one mile around the Estadio Azteca, designed to prevent anyone without a ticket from accessing the grounds. But even before reaching that cordon, some protest groups were surrounded and blockaded by police to prevent them from advancing.

Several protesters were wounded during clashes with police and journalists detained during the day, among them independent reporter Axel Hernández, who was stopped while walking to the protests, his equipment searched under the pretext of an explosives check. “When they found nothing but posters, they claimed they were going to arrest us for putting up posters,” he told Latin America Reports. 

Police drove Hernández and a colleague 10 km from the point of detention before releasing them.

Aaron Gardúñez Jiménez, Director General of the Human Rights System Implementation Agency of Mexico City, acknowledged monitoring eight to ten simultaneous protest actions — some peaceful, some “complex” — but maintained that “despite the difficulties, freedom of expression was guaranteed throughout the day.” 

Erika, a member of the feminist collective “We exist because we resist,” who asked her last name to be anonymous for security reasons, had a personal reason to march: her daughter was murdered in 2023. From her perspective, the government is not merely failing to meet protesters’ demands, it is actively trying to silence them. “We want her [Sheinbaum] to listen to us, to put herself in our shoes and make a commitment,” she demanded.

Alejandro Gutiérrez, a Mexico City secondary school teacher and active CNTE member, said negotiations with the government were advancing but only superficially, with proposals that fail to address the union’s core demand: the repeal of the 2007 ISSSTE Law reform that dismantled handed pensions over to private capital management.

Sheinbaum between the global stage and the street

President Claudia Sheinbaum navigated the World Cup opening day under considerable political pressure. She had already announced she would not attend the opening match, gifting her ticket to a girl from a low-income family. When the Zócalo encampment threatened the fan fest, she acknowledged there were 18 alternative venues where people could watch for free.

Her tone throughout the week has been deliberately restrained. Sheinbaum invoked the spectre of historical repression directly: “They want us to fall into repression on the eve of the World Cup. We are not going to fall into that provocation. We are not Díaz Ordaz.” The reference is to Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, who ordered the massacre of student protesters at Tlatelolco in October 1968 — just days before Mexico City hosted the Olympic Games. As heirs of the left that emerged from those protest movements, Sheinbaum’s government is acutely aware of what any misstep would mean.

The World Cup as an amplifier

The president had initially denied there was any social unrest ahead of the tournament — a position that became increasingly untenable as the week progressed. Mexico is already navigating a deteriorating relationship with the United States ahead of July trade negotiations, political scandals, and lingering security concerns following a burst of cartel violence in Guadalajara in February.

While the World Cup presents an enormous economic opportunity for the country, projected to generate US$3 billion for hotels, restaurants and sports venues, it also provides a platform for social and political movements to take their battle to the world stage.

With stagnant teacher salaries, decades of impunity in the Ayotzinapa case, and a crisis of forced disappearances that has left over 100,000 people missing across the country, the stakes of the tournament in Mexico go far beyond the fulltime score.

Featured image description: A protestor holds a football next to a riot police officer.

Featured image credit: Jorge Alfonso.

The post Mexico World Cup puts spotlight on protest movements appeared first on Latin America Reports.

“This prosecution is, in fact, a trial of the law itself,” Hong Kong pro-democracy activist Chow Hang-tung told a court last month.

Chow, 41, made the remark during a defiant closing argument in her trial.

The barrister-turned-activist sought to challenge the legitimacy of the national security allegations against herself, former colleague Lee Cheuk-yan, and the organisation they led, which held Hong Kong’s candlelight vigils commemorating China’s 1989 crackdown on pro-democracy demonstrators in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square.

From 1990 to 2019, the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China organised the commemorative event every year on June 4 at Victoria Park, demanding accountability for the bloody crackdown and the democratisation of China, both taboos in the country.

Beijing imposed a national security law in Hong Kong in 2020, following the 2019 protests and unrest. In 2021, police arrested the Alliance’s leadership, including Chow, Lee, and Albert Ho. The Alliance voted to disband that year, ending its decades-long vigils and advocacy.

Chow, Lee, and the Alliance are standing trial for “inciting subversion” under the national security law, an offence that carries a maximum penalty of 10 years behind bars. Ho pleaded guilty when the trial opened in January.

HKFP looked at the events surrounding the establishment of the Alliance, the Tiananmen vigils it organised, and the ongoing trial of its leaders.

Hong Kong prosecutors have argued that the case against the Alliance is not political and does not concern its activism, the vigils, or the 1989 crackdown. They allege that, however, the group had been calling for the overthrow of China’s ruling Communist Party (CCP) through its “end one-party rule” slogan – a key tenet of the Alliance since its founding.

For Chow, who represents herself in the trial, the prosecution has upended Hong Kong’s value of being a free-wheeling city that tolerates the kind of political dissent not permitted in mainland China.

The trial has in effect “cornered” the court, forcing it to choose its side between the rule of law and an authoritarian regime, she argued.

Alliance and 1989 Tiananmen crackdown

Massive pro-democracy demonstrations broke out in China in the spring of 1989, triggered by the death of Hu Yaobang, a former CCP leader seen as a reformist. Students and protesters gathered in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square for weeks, demanding political reforms and democracy, as the rest of the country rallied to support those in the capital city.

In May that year, the Alliance was founded in Hong Kong, and huge demonstrations were staged in support of protesters in mainland China.

Around 1.5 million people joined a mass rally on May 28, a day after celebrities like Anita Mui, Teresa Teng, Eric Tsang, and Jackie Chan took part in the Alliance’s benefit concert in support of the students’ movement.

Lee personally went to Beijing to deliver donations raised during the concert. However, he was detained and made to sign a letter of remorse, around the time the tanks rolled in to crush the burgeoning movement. 

The protests in Beijing ended in a bloody crackdown as Chinese troops dispersed protesters on June 3 and 4. Estimates of death tolls during the crackdown range from hundreds to thousands.

In the years that followed, the Alliance organised candlelight vigils at Victoria Park every June 4 to commemorate the dead and to keep the spirit of the 1989 pro-democracy movement alive.

The Alliance’s five tenets – release pro-democracy activists, vindicate the 1989 democracy movement, hold those responsible for the crackdown accountable, end one-party rule, and build a democratic China – were an integral part of the candlelight vigils.

Tens of thousands of people attended the commemorations every year. They lit candles, sang songs, observed a moment of silence, and chanted the Alliance’s five slogans, led by the group’s leaders.

In 2020, authorities banned the vigil for the first time, citing Covid-19 restrictions. They prohibited the gathering again the following year, also citing the pandemic. The Alliance was disbanded in September 2021, following the arrests of its leaders.

No official vigils have been held since 2019, but there is a heavy police presence at Victoria Park and nearby streets on June 4.

For four consecutive years, Victoria Park has been occupied by a pro-China food festival in early June, including the anniversary day of the bloody crackdown.

‘Weird’ prosecution

In her closing argument last month, Chow said the prosecution was “weird,” as the defendants had not disputed the alleged acts and instead, they embraced what they did.

“Ending one-party rule means putting an end to the status quo, in which those in power are not bound by the law,” she told the court in Cantonese. “What is really in dispute is what the law suppresses and what it protects.”

According to the prosecution, the Alliance’s calls to “end one-party rule” had exceeded the legitimate boundary of freedom of expression as the defendants intended to stoke hatred against Beijing. “Freedom is not absolute,” lead prosecutor Ned Lai told the court in Cantonese.

Chow said the prosecution’s argument had undermined the values long championed in Hong Kong, such as freedom of expression and the rule of law.

“Speaking out the truth has become stoking hatred. Seeking justice has become taking advantage of suffering,” she said. “Asking for accountability has become breaching the constitution. Demanding democracy has become inciting subversion.”

She maintained that the court must protect human rights when reaching a verdict in the case.

“What the court has been asked to ban, to punish in this case are, in fact, what society and the law should encourage… They are the core values of Hong Kong, the norms and ideals accumulated through generations,” she said.

“I hope the court will make a correct decision to safeguard the dignity and bottom line of the law, at a time when values are being reshaped,” she added.

Prosecutors have argued that there are no “lawful means” to end CCP rule after a 2018 constitutional amendment stipulated that the party’s leadership is the “defining feature” of China’s socialist system.

During his closing submission last month, Lee’s lawyer, Erik Shum, argued that prosecutors had presented a “tautological theory.”

“We ask: How exactly did the Alliance incite others to overthrow the CCP? And my submission is that the prosecution has always reverted to the claim that ending CCP rule is illegal,” Shum said in Cantonese.

Shum urged the court to draw a boundary for what is considered an acceptable political expression and what is not.

“The court must not pay lip service to human rights protections,” he said.

The three-judge panel – Alex Lee, Johnny Chang, and Anna Lai – has adjourned the proceedings, saying they hope to deliver a verdict in “mid or late July.”

In a letter from prison this week, Chow, who has been behind bars since September 2021, said she would go on a 37-hour hunger strike in commemoration of the 37th anniversary of the 1989 crackdown.

The charge is larger than campus unrest.

Four men have pleaded guilty to rioting during the siege of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University (PolyU) campus amid the anti-extradition protest and unrest seven years ago.

Cheung Chung-yiu, 24; Cheung Chin-ming, 29; Chan Chun-hei, 22; and Chan Yuen-ming, 33, appeared at the District Court on Monday morning to enter their pleas.

The four defendants were not prosecuted when they were first arrested in 2019 and 2020. However, they were re-arrested in June 2024 and charged with rioting at PolyU between November 14, 2019 and November 20, 2019.

The events at the Hung Hom campus were one of the most violent episodes during the protests and unrest in 2019, with protesters setting fires with petrol bombs as they faced off against police.

A fifth defendant, Lai Chun-kit, was not present. He has not attended hearings since October 2024, and an arrest warrant has been issued for him, The Witness reported.

According to the prosecution, CCTV footage captured the defendants’ behaviour during the riot. Cheung Chung-yiu was seen moving barriers to block a footbridge, while Cheung Chin-ming and Chan Chun-hei were filmed taking containers from a laboratory.

Chan Yuen-ming was seen walking around the university campus and taking a large flask and two bottles with him.

Mitigation

The four defendants had initially planned to plead not guilty and go forward with a trial, the court heard, but later changed their minds.

During mitigation, Cheung Chung-yiu’s lawyer said that the defendant had gone abroad to study before he was re-arrested in 2024, while Cheung Chin-ming’s lawyer told the court that his client had supported victims of the Wang Fuk Court fire in its aftermath.

A legal representative for Chan Chun-hei said the defendant was only 16 at the time of the incident. He worked in the construction sector and became a father at 21, his lawyer said, adding that he regretted what he had done when he was younger.

Chan Yuen-ming’s lawyer said his client was tricked into working at a scam farm in Thailand, returning to Hong Kong in 2022 after his family paid a ransom. He suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder, the lawyer said.

The lawyer added that Chan Yuen-ming was sentenced to 18 years and five months in prison for a drug trafficking offence, and that he stands to face a long time in prison.

The four defendants will be sentenced on June 8. Rioting is punishable by up to 10 years’ imprisonment, although jail terms handed down at the District Court are capped at seven years.

The Legislative Council (LegCo) has confirmed that the Designated Demonstration Area at the complex, along with the surrounding LegCo Square, is being used as a car park.

In a response to HKFP earlier last month, the LegCo Secretariat said that the revamp was part of the renovations which took place after the number of lawmakers was expanded from 70 to 90 for the 2022 legislative term.

The Secretariat said: “Since the completion of the expansion project of the Legislative Council (“LegCo”) Complex, all 90 LegCo Members and their staff as well as staff of the LegCo Secretariat have moved into the Complex and have been working under one roof.”

It added, “To meet operational needs, the LegCo Square and the whole area (including the Designated Demonstration Area) outside the main entrances to the Complex have been used as a parking area for Members and visitors to the Complex. The Legislative Council Commission will keep the use of this area under review from time to time.”

It did not respond when asked when the car park work was completed, but according to a LegCo fact sheet, major expansion works were completed at the complex last year.

Status of protest area ‘clear,’ says LegCo

The Designated Demonstration Area was intended as the only authorised location for petitions and protests at the legislature. However, it was closed during the 2019 pro-democracy protests and unrest.

After the turmoil and the Covid-19 pandemic restrictions that followed, then-legislative president Andrew Leung hinted that the protest area could reopen in early 2025 at the latest. He dismissed concerns that the extended closure was for political reasons, stating that it “can only reopen when we get rid of the glass and can ensure it is safe,” according to the Standard in 2023.

Leung may have been referring to the brief occupation of the building on July 1, 2019, by pro-democracy protesters, who broke windows to access the complex and vandalised it.

Last August, Leung said the reopening was still under consideration, adding that the “scale of current petition activities had become smaller, and it is necessary to consider whether such a large space is still required,” according to NowTV.

HKFP asked the LegCo Secretariat multiple times last month whether the Designated Demonstration Area was still available for those who wished to submit a petition or stage a protest.

They did not directly confirm whether it remained open, but they referred HKFP to their earlier response, adding that it was already “clear,” and did not “amount to a refusal to confirm if the Designated Demonstration Area is still operational.”

A Legislative Council handbook for lawmakers, dated this February, suggests that the protest area is still available for applications, despite the new car park.

The application form for using the area is still online, as are the guidelines – both from 2018.

They state: “Members of the public are allowed to stage petitions or demonstrations at the LegCo Square, subject to the terms set out in the ‘Guidelines for staging petitions or demonstrations by individuals and groups at designated demonstration areas in premises managed by The Legislative Council Commission’.”

‘Doors always open’

According to its website, the purpose-built Legislative Council complex at Tamar in Admiralty was opened in September 2011 and included architectural features to showcase transparency.

The website states: “The Tamar Project has been designed with the main theme of ‘Doors Always Open’, ‘Land Always Green’, ‘Sky Will Be Blue’ and ‘People Will Be Connected’.”

No major mass protests have been held in Hong Kong since the onset of the 2020 national security law.

Minnesota U.S. Attorney Daniel N. Rosen said the operation targeted Minneapolis-based antifa groups.

A Hong Kong court has ordered the forfeiture of more than HK$670,000 in “terrorist property” from three persons involved in a thwarted bomb plot during the 2019 protests.

In a written judgment on Thursday, High Court Judge Judianna Barnes ruled that Wong Chun-keung and Ng Chi-hung were “terrorists” and Lau Pui-ying was a “terrorist associate” under the United Nations (Anti-Terrorism Measures) Ordinance.

Barnes said a total sum of HK$674,860 in the defendants’ accounts and in cash, which was liable to be seized under the ordinance, was “intended to be used to finance or otherwise assist the commission of ‘terrorist acts.’”

In November 2024, Ng was sentenced to almost 24 years in jail for masterminding the foiled bomb plot, which aimed to kill police officers at a demonstration on December 8, 2019, amid the large-scale protests and unrest that year.

Wong, who led a radical group known as “Dragon Slayers,” was sentenced to 13 and a half years in prison. Both defendants pleaded guilty, with Wong testifying for the prosecution in exchange for leniency in sentencing.

Lau was among seven defendants who stood trial by jury. In August 2024, the nine-member jury found her and five others not guilty. Only one defendant was convicted by the jury and was sentenced to 10 years and 10 months behind bars.

Despite her acquittal, authorities submitted “numerous Telegram messages” that showed Lau “actively administered, together with [Wong], crowd-funding exercise in securing funds” for Dragon Slayers and the bomb plot, according to the judgment on Thursday.

Between November 6 and December 9, 2019, Lau’s three accounts received net deposits of more than HK$1 million while she was earning a salary of less than HK$3,000, the government submitted.

Barnes said the evidence “overwhelmingly supported” the government’s application to forfeit the sum.

Roughly HK$536,000 was kept in Lau’s three accounts, according to the judgment, while the remainder, around HK$138,000, consisted of deposits in Wong and Ng’s bank accounts, as well as cash.

Wong and Ng did not oppose the application while Lau was absent throughout the proceedings, including court notices and a hearing regarding the government’s application.

The anti-terrorism ordinance, enacted in 2002, was invoked for the first time to prosecute the group.

The defendants were accused of planning a bomb attack during a rally marking International Human Rights Day, plotting to place two bombs along the rally’s marching route to kill police officers.

MEXICO CITY, June 9 — Mexican President Claudia Sheinbaum said yesterday she could guarantee a peaceful World Cup opening ceremony this week, despite concern over ongoing protests.

A teachers union has threatened demonstrations at Thursday’s opening game between Mexico and South Africa in the capital if the government doesn’t respond to demands for salary raises and pension reforms.

“We are going to guarantee... that the celebration of the World Cup is well-executed, in peace and tranquility,” Sheinbaum said in her daily press conference.

Last week, police dispersed protesters with teargas and rubber bullets outside the historic Zocalo square where authorities have erected a massive screen for a World Cup fan zone.

The streets surrounding the square remain closed off with metal barricades, which Sheinbaum has said are meant to guard against “provocations.”

Protesting teachers also toppled commemorative statues of players in downtown Mexico City last week.

Though Sheinbaum has maintained open dialogue with the teachers, the union has deemed government proposals insufficient.

Joining the protests are hundreds of people from the Ayotzinapa teachers college, who are demanding further efforts to investigate the disappearance of 43 students from the rural school in 2014.

Mexico City police said they discovered 59 homemade explosive devices on one of the bus convoys entering the capital on Monday, posting a photo of dozens of small white pipes with fuses on X.

Tourists ‘freaked out’ 

The teachers’ sprawling tent camps have flooded the city center, leading to complaints from businesses that tourists will stay away during the World Cup.

“The access to our restaurant is closed off, the people aren’t coming, the tourists are freaked out,” 31-year-old waiter Jonathan Herrera, who was protesting against the encampment, told AFP.

Around 50 people waited to cross through one of the metal barricades under the watch of police, where one restaurant glued a poster reading “we’re still open.”

US tourist Heather Lutz, 64, expressed support for the protesters.

“No government likes their city to look real” during big events like the World Cup, she said.

The tournament is the ideal moment to “generate pressure” to win concessions from the government, 42-year-old teacher Dinora Diaz told AFP in the street encampment.

Negotiations

Sheinbaum’s government explained on Monday their proposals to the teachers union, proposing the creation of a new state-owned company to administer pensions.

But the government dismissed the possibility of reversing pension laws, arguing it would cost around $400 million.

The teachers have rejected the government’s proposals while the Secretary of Governance Rosa Icela Rodriguez called for the strikers to lift the blockades.

“It’s fundamental that the legitimate exercise of the right to protest can coexist with the rights of those who live in and move through this great city,” the official said. — AFP

 

LA PAZ, June 20 — Bolivia’s crisis intensified on Saturday as President Rodrigo Paz declared a state of emergency, enabling wider military deployment to clear blockades and restore order after protests brought the economy to a halt over the past 50 days.

The emergency declaration gives Paz broader constitutional tools to restore order, such as sending armed forces to clear blockades.

While the order goes into effect immediately, the president must notify Congress of the state of emergency within 24 hours of issuing the decree, which then has up to 72 hours to approve or reject the measure.

Protesting groups, many allied to former leftist President Evo Morales, have cut off key roads, stranding trucks and choking supplies of food, fuel and medicines to many areas, including La Paz.

The conflict initially erupted after Paz abruptly cut long-standing fuel subsidies to shrink the deficit, amid a worsening dollar crunch and talks with the International Monetary Fund.

Despite later steps to stabilize fuel prices and reverse unpopular land reforms, protests intensified into broader discontent, with unions demanding wage increases, an end to fuel and dollar shortages, and Paz’s resignation.

Paz’s declaration came in a live message to the nation just hours after he unveiled a deal struck on Friday with the main union, the Bolivian Workers’ Confederation (COB), that aimed to ease tension.

However, many roads connecting the South American nation’s main production center are under the control of rural associations aligned with Morales, who were not a part of the negotiations and are continuing to protest mainly in the area of Cochabamba.

Paz said the crisis had evolved into an organized attempt to destabilize democracy after weeks of violence and blockades.

He said the state of emergency aims to restore order, protect citizens and ensure the flow of essential goods, while warning that those continuing disruptions would face legal consequences.

“This is not a state of emergency to restrict people’s lives… It is a state of emergency to give freedom back to the people, to free Bolivia from those who use political conflict to block roads and harm the population,” Paz said. — Reuters

The anti-racism rally came after nights of fiery violence in parts of Northern Ireland following the arrest of a 30-year-old man from Sudan on charges of attempted murder in a stabbing that left a man partly blind.

A Hong Kong court has convicted a former law student of rioting during the 2019 protests and unrest after the government successfully appealed against her acquittal, leading to a retrial.

Alice Tong, 26, was found guilty of rioting on Tuesday, nearly seven years after she was arrested in Wan Chai on August 31, 2019, according to local media. District Judge Edmond Lee remanded Tong in custody pending sentencing on July 15.

Lee initially acquitted Tong of rioting and possession of an offensive weapon in a public place in August 2021, saying at that time prosecutors had failed to prove she committed violence or abetted the riot.

Authorities appealed against her acquittal, and the Court of Appeal overturned Lee’s decision in June 2024.

The three appellate judges said at that time that the circumstantial evidence of Tong’s participation in the riot was “overwhelming,” according to media outlet The Witness.

See also: ‘It has been so long’: Hongkongers acquitted in 2019 protest cases face lengthy legal battle after gov’t appeals

The Court of Appeal judges ordered the case to be reconsidered by the trial judge. In July last year, they rejected Tong’s application to take her case to the Court of Final Appeal.

Judge Lee said on Tuesday that the circumstantial evidence was “overwhelming” in showing that Tong was part of the riot and had encouraged others through her presence.

At the time of her arrest, Tong was dressed in black, carrying a gas mask and a black scarf, and holding an umbrella and a walking stick, Lee said.

Officers also seized a helmet, goggles, gloves, and a laser pen from her backpack, Lee said.

The defendant’s clothing and the equipment she carried were “extremely unusual and suspicious,” Lee said, pointing out that her outfit on that day was clearly similar to that of other protesters.

Lee also said that, in the minutes before the defendant was stopped by police, many black-clad protesters were retreating along the same route on Wan Chai Road towards the east.

The judge dismissed the defence’s argument that Tong was merely caught in the riot and was not leaving the scene alongside other protesters.

Tong was seen weeping after the judge delivered his verdict, while her supporters yelled, “We all love you,” as she was led away by guards, The Witness reported.

Protests erupted in June 2019 over a since-axed extradition bill. They escalated into sometimes violent displays of dissent against police behaviour, amid calls for democracy and anger over Beijing’s encroachment. Demonstrators demanded an independent probe into police conduct, amnesty for those arrested and a halt to the characterisation of protests as “riots.” 

PARIS, June 5 — Franco-Iranian author and film director Marjane Satrapi, best known for the graphic novel and film “Persepolis”, has died aged 56, AFP learned yesterday from a member of her close circle.

“Marjane Satrapi died of sadness a little over a year after the death of Mattias Ripa, her husband and the love of her life,” they said in a statement sent to AFP.

Ripa, a Swedish producer, actor and screenwriter, died on April 8 last year.

Satrapi, an outspoken critic of Iran’s theocratic government, arrived in France in 1994 and gained French nationality in 2006.

“Persepolis” recounts the story of Satrapi’s early life in Tehran, struggling under the restrictions imposed by Iran’s Islamic leadership after the 1979 revolution, before she is sent to Europe by her parents and begins a life in exile.

Last year, she refused the French legion d’honneur award over the country’s “hypocrisy” in its dealings with Iran, citing French visa policies that prevented dissidents leaving Iran for the European country.

Satrapi directed several films, including a 2007 cinematic adaptation of her graphic novel “Persepolis”, which was co-directed by Vincent Paronnaud, won the Jury Prize at the Cannes Film Festival and was nominated for an Oscar.

“Even if this is a universal film, I want to dedicate this prize to all Iranians,” Satrapi told AFP at the time.

She was a voice for the women of Iran after protests erupted in the Islamic republic after the 2022 death of 22-year-old Iranian Kurdish woman Mahsa Amini while in custody for allegedly breaching the dress code for women.

At a protest to mark two years since Amini’s death in Paris, Satrapi was among those chanting “Women, Life, Freedom”.

“It’s very important that this regime disappears,” she said of the Islamic republic, but she stressed it could not happen overnight.

“I think it’s important to remain hopeful,” she added.

Her work expanded beyond stories connected to Iran, including “Radioactive”, a 2019 biopic about pioneering radioactivity researcher and Nobel-prize winner Marie Curie, starring Rosamund Pike.

Her husband, whom she met in Paris, had been a long-time collaborator.

After his death, Satrapi founded the Mattias and Marjane Ripa-Satrapi Cinema Foundation to support foreign students wishing to come to Paris to study filmmaking.

Since his passing, Satrapi’s Instagram page consisted almost exclusively of a series of images spelling out “For I Lost the love of my life”, along with a picture of her husband and an announcement of the foundation. — AFP