With a war on their borders, Poland and Romania have set out to revitalize their arms industries. Russia’s offensive in Ukraine has upended plans across the European Union — which has launched an €800 billion rearmament process — and has especially affected these two Eastern European countries, each of which shares hundreds of miles of border with the invaded state. Since the conflict began a little over four years ago, Warsaw and Bucharest have become central hubs for supplying weapons and delivering humanitarian aid to support Kyiv in its struggle to defend its sovereignty.

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Donald Trump’s decision to withdraw thousands of U.S. troops from Germany, review a planned deployment to Poland, and freeze a project to station Tomahawk missiles on German soil has set off alarm bells in European capitals. In the Old Continent, fears are growing that those moves could be the first step toward a structural reconfiguration of NATO — or even a deeper U.S. pullback within the alliance.

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